Alcohol addiction, also known as alcoholism or alcohol use disorder, is a chronic disease characterized by an inability to control or stop alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. It is a complex condition that can involve a range of physical, psychological, and behavioral factors.

Tolerance

Over time, regular alcohol consumption can lead to tolerance, where the body requires increasing amounts of alcohol to achieve the same effects. This is the body adapting to the depressant effects of alcohol.

Altered Neurochemistry: Alcohol affects the brain's neurochemistry, particularly neurotransmitters like gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter, which alcohol enhances, leading to feelings of relaxation. Conversely, alcohol inhibits glutamate, which is excitatory. Over time, the brain adjusts its own production and response to these neurotransmitters to compensate for the effects of alcohol.

Withdrawal Symptoms: When a person with physical dependence stops drinking, their body struggles to adjust to the absence of alcohol. This can lead to withdrawal symptoms, which can range from mild to severe. Common symptoms include shaking, sweating, nausea, anxiety, irritability, and in severe cases, seizures or delirium tremens (DTs).

Craving and Compulsion to Drink: Physical dependence is often accompanied by a strong craving for alcohol or a compulsive need to drink. This is partly due to the desire to avoid withdrawal symptoms and partly due to the altered brain chemistry that creates a reinforced reward system associated with alcohol use.

Impact on Health: Long-term alcohol dependence can lead to various health issues, including liver disease, cardiovascular problems, neurological issues, and an increased risk of certain cancers.

Mood Changes: Alcohol can cause mood swings, irritability, and heightened emotions. Long-term abuse may lead to mood disorders like depression and anxiety.

Impaired Cognitive Functions: Chronic alcohol use can impair cognitive abilities, including memory, decision-making, and problem-solving skills. It can also affect concentration and the ability to process information.

Mental Health Disorders: There's a strong link between alcohol dependence and mental health disorders. Conditions like depression, anxiety disorders,  bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia can either be exacerbated by alcohol abuse or even partly caused by it.

Personality Changes: Individuals may experience changes in their personality due to alcohol dependence, such as increased aggression, impulsivity, or becoming more withdrawn and isolated.

Dependence and Addiction: Psychological dependence involves a craving for alcohol to achieve a sense of normalcy or to escape negative feelings. This dependence can be as challenging to overcome as the physical dependence.

Social and Relationship Problems: Alcohol dependence can lead to social withdrawal, strained relationships, and difficulties in professional and personal life. It might also lead to isolation and loneliness.

Low Self-Esteem and Guilt: Individuals may suffer from low self-esteem, guilt, and feelings of worthlessness, especially if they recognize the negative impacts of their addiction but feel powerless to change.

Denial and Rationalization: A common psychological effect is denial of the problem or rationalizing alcohol use, which can be a significant barrier to seeking treatment.